<div dir="ltr"><div>Hi Chandan,</div><div><br></div>I've tried a few different pre-cleaning methods for the pellets (Rinsing with Acetone/IPA/Water, sonication, etc), and none of them are nearly as effective as just doing proper melt formation steps. Molten gold is well above the temperature that breaks hydrocarbon-adjacent bonds to carbon atoms (Including fluorine bonds on fluoropolymers), and in a vacuum chamber those atoms aren't going to find each other to recombine before being pumped by your turbo or cryopump (This is trace amounts of material, don't worry about your cryo, it'll be fine). Carbon isn't terribly soluble in gold, so it forms a surface interface between the carbon and the gold. That surface has significant energy. When you heat gold to a fully liquified state in ebeam there's a 200-300K differential temp between the top and bottom of the melt, this induces convection currents in the melt, and those currents will bring the gold up to the surface where it will float due to surface energy, and eventually collect into nodules. The nodules become the black film on top of the gold, which will not re-enter the melt due to surface energy effects.<br><br>If there's enough contamination in the melt that the carbon forms a nodule *before* getting to the surface, when it hits the vacuum interface the Au-Carbon interface is suddenly replaced with an Au-carbon-vacuum interface, which appears to result in a net energy release that ejects material in the form of spitting.<br><br>This is not apparent in Ti, Al, Pt, Ni, Cr, etc. because those films form metal carbides which precipitate to the solid/liquid interface of your melt zone and then never move again (Ti/Al/Cr/Ni) OR they spit like crazy until the carbide has been ejected from the material violently (Pt/Pd).<br><br>Which is all a long winded way of saying <b>burn out your gold melts in a tungsten crucible at 5-10 A/s into an empty chamber for 2-3 minutes whenever you add more than a couple pellets of material, then cool it off and wipe it down. </b>If you don't do that, you're going to catch stray carbon being ejected from the melt and that's going to leave black nodules in your film. <b>If the melt is visibly spitting, it's contaminated, you're not done burning it out.</b><br><br>Also, buy your material from a proper vacuum materials company like Plasmaterials, Lesker, VEM. If your precious metals material ever comes packed in oil from the supplier they're not taking vacuum seriously, and you shouldn't take them seriously as a supplier. (Wierd metals are exceptions, we're talking standard materials here.)<br><br>-Ryan</div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Sep 18, 2026 at 3:07 AM Chandan H B <<a href="mailto:chandanachar95@gmail.com">chandanachar95@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Thank you all for the feedback. I really appreciate the time and efforts made to address this issue.<div><br></div><div>As most of you said, when the Au surface is wiped with a cleanroom compatible lint free wipe, it easily comes off and Au looks pretty clean. <span style="background-color:transparent">With that in mind, the primary suspect was carbon, but the question is, is it originating from the Au slug itself or as Grant said is it from the hydrocarbons from the chamber?<br><br></span></div><div><span style="background-color:transparent">In the case of hydrocarbons, I should see the same black particle/layer on any other material like Ti, Al, Pt, Ni, Cr etc., but I do not see any. Considering if that happens, how is it attracting the hydrocarbons at the very first place? Au can not be the first layer we coat as it needs an adhesive layer like Cr or Ti. Let me know more information if anyone has faced a similar kind.</span></div><div><span style="background-color:transparent"><br></span></div><div><span style="background-color:transparent">Having said that, I went ahead with EDS and XPS to check the carbon presence by giving out an Au pellet(99.999%). It did show 5~10 wt% of presence on the surface scan and 0~0.5wt% upon depth profiling. Considering these results, can source material undergo cleaning with IPA or DI water followed by Plasma Cleaning?</span></div><div><span style="background-color:transparent"><br></span></div><div><span style="background-color:transparent">This challenge is not new to many, so we look forward to hearing about how others have mitigated it. </span></div><div><span style="background-color:transparent"><br></span></div><div>Thanks!</div><div>Chandan H B</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Sep 18, 2026 at 3:52 AM Ryan Rivers <<a href="mailto:rrivers@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">rrivers@berkeley.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Hi Chandan,<div><br></div><div>We use a tungsten crucible liner to avoid the problem entirely. Mo is also widely used as others have noted. I've had no issues with spitting from W crucibles myself. That's usually a matter of source material cleanliness and beam control. Spitting is almost always a function of your source pellets having some amount of residual carbon on them.<br><br>The other thing you can do with W or Mo crucibles is heat the gold to a fully melted state with a liquid top (as opposed to a molten surface with a breached liquid where the beam is hitting) and allow it to just sit for a minute or two. If you're using a carbon spacer this is relatively trivial to do without evaporating any appreciable amount of gold. When you cool back down, all of the carbon in the melt will have floated up to the surface and you can simply wipe the melt clean with a techwipe until you get bright gold. You'll never see spitting out of the melt again until someone contaminates it some other way.</div><div><br></div><div>-Ryan</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Sep 17, 2026 at 4:42 AM Chandan H B <<a href="mailto:chandanachar95@gmail.com" target="_blank">chandanachar95@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><p>Dear LabNetwork Community,</p><p>We would like to seek inputs from cleanroom/fab facility managers and process owners regarding an issue observed during <strong>Au deposition in our E-Beam Evaporators</strong>.</p><p>We have observed the formation of <strong>black/dark layer on the Au charge after a few melt cycles</strong>. The observation occurs during repeated melting of Au in a tungsten liner/crucible. We are currently investigating whether this could be related to <strong>material surface contamination, crucible/liner condition, outgassing, chamber history, or the Au pre-cleaning/conditioning procedure</strong>.</p><p>We would appreciate your experience on the following:</p><ul><li>Have you observed <strong>black/dark spots or a black layer forming on Au during repeated E-beam melting/evaporation</strong>?</li><li>What <strong>Au purity and material form</strong> do you use?</li><li>Do you perform any <strong>cleaning/degreasing of the Au charge before loading</strong>? If yes, what procedure?</li><li>Do you follow a specific <strong>crucible/liner cleaning or replacement procedure</strong>?</li><li><span style="background-color:transparent">If you have identified a </span><strong style="background-color:transparent">root cause or corrective action</strong><span style="background-color:transparent"> for a similar observation, any details would be highly appreciated.</span></li></ul><p>Our objective is to compare practices across facilities and determine whether this is a <strong>material-handling, source/liner, chamber-condition, or process-related phenomenon</strong>.</p><div>Any suggestions/inputs are highly appreciated.</div><div>Thanks in advance!</div><div><br></div><div>Regards,</div><div>CHANDAN H B</div><div>THIN FILMS ENGINEER</div></div>
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